The final exam will be held on Monday, December 6 from 11:30am to 2:30pm in Solis 109.  The exam questions will be drawn from these study questions; there will be no "surprise" questions.  You will notice there is overlap among some of the study questions in different categories.  The exam itself will be closed-book, though you will be allowed to consult two pages (= two sides of paper) of notes during the exam (small fonts are ok).  You can study together, but you must write your own notes; essay questions cannot regurgitate material from the handouts verbatim.  I will hold a review session during our last class on Friday, December 3.  Please bring two empty blue books to the exam (don't even write your name on them).

SHORT ANSWER (approximately 20-50 words each; usually 1-3 sentences)

1. What is eudaimonism?
2. What is the craft analogy?
3. What are the two interpretations of Euthyphro's third definition of piety?
4. What is akrasia, and what is Socrates's view about it?
5. Explain what it means to say that the virtues are inseparable and unified.
6. What three options does Socrates offer Protagoras about how to understand the relations among the virtues?
7. What is a cognitive conception of virtue?
8. What is hedonism?
9. Why is there a problem reconciling eudaimonism with the recognition of other-regarding virtues, such as justice?
10. Thrasymachus challenges justice in two different ways.  Explain his two claims and how they are different.
11. What's the difference between saying that justice is sufficient for happiness and saying that it is a dominant component of happiness?
12. What is the tri-partition of goods in Republic ii?
13. Explain the state-soul analogy at work in Republic iv.
14. What is the (alleged) fallacy in Republic iv?
15. Why should philosophers rule in the ideal state?
16. What is the "compresence of opposites"?
17. What three main constraints does Aristotle accept on eudaimonia?
18. What is the difference between comprehensive and strict intellectualist conceptions of eudaimonia?
19. How does Aristotle distinguish virtue, vice, continence, and incontinence?
20. What three forms of friendship does Aristotle recognize, and which is best?
21. What's the difference for the Epicureans between kinetic and katastematic pleasure?
22. What is the Symmetry Argument, and how do the Epicrueans use it to show that we shouldn't fear death?

1. Why does Socrates think that Euthyphro's third definition of piety is defective?
2. Explain one reason for thinking that Socrates might be committed to thinking that virtue is only instrumentally valuable.  What worry, if any, is there for this commitment?
3. Why does Socrates doubt that virtue can be taught, and how does Protagoras think that these doubts can be answered?
4. What is the "argument from opposites" in the Protagoras and how is it relevant to establishing the unity of the virtues?
5. What kind of temporal bias does Socrates think occurs in putative cases of akrasia?
6. Explain Callicles's distinction between real and conventional justice, and the role of this distinction in his challenge to Socratic assumptions about justice.
7. What is the "leaky jar" argument in the Gorgias, and how is it supposed to embarrass Callicles?
8. What is Thrasymachus's challenge to justice, what is Socrates reply, and how adequate is it?
9. Explain Plato's division of the soul in Republic iv and the bearing of this division on his account of the virtues.
10. What common conceptions of eudaimonia does Aristotle reject early in EN i and why?  What does this discussion show about his assumptions about happiness?
11. What do the Epicureans mean when they say that you can't be harmed if you don't exist?  Is this part of a good argument for why you shouldn't fear death?

1. In the Euthydemus why does Socrates think that wisdom is sufficient for happiness?  Do you find his argument compelling?
2. Explain and assess Socrates's reasons for denying the possibility of weakness of will in the Protagoras.  What role does that argument play in defending other Socratic commitments?
3. Reconstruct and assess Socrates's "adaptive" argument against Calliclean happiness.  Does that argument support Socratic assumptions about justice?  why or why not?
4. In Republic ii Glaucon and Adeimantus claim to be dissatisfied with Socrates's reply to Thrasymachus and restate his challenge.  What is their challenge, and what do they assume about justice?  How, if at all, do they modify Thrasymachus's position, and what significance does their challenge have for Socratic and Platonic ethics?
5. How does Plato's division of the soul in Republic iv figure in his account of justice and his reply to Glaucon and Adeimantus? How successful is this reply?
6. What does Plato think is true about the best sort of interpersonal love in the Symposium, and why is this sort of love a sort of surrogate for immortality?  How might these claims enable Plato to connect psychic-justice with conventional-justice?
7. Explain why Plato thinks that only philosophers should rule in the ideal state.  What assumptions does he make about knowledge?
8. How are we supposed to understand Aristotle's appeal to the human function to justify his claim that a happy life is one that involves activities expressing the person's reason?  Is it always beneficial to perform one's function well?
9. Why does Aristotle claim in EN x 7-8 that we should identify the human good with contemplation?  Do those arguments square with his assumptions about eudaimonia in EN i?
10. What is Aristotle's account of akrasia, and how is related to Socratic and Platonic accounts?
11. How might Aristotle's discussion of friendship be relevant to explaining how other-regarding virtues, such as justice, might satisfy the eudaimonist assumption?
12. Reconstruct and assess at least two Epicurean arguments for why we should not fear death.
13. How, as hedonists, can the Epicureans think that justice contributes to happiness?  Would their account of the value of justice satisfy Glaucon and Adeimantus?  Why or why not?